Author: Liang Zhonghe
Language: Chinese and English bilingual
ISBN/ISSN: 7030160096
2005; Hardcover;220x300mm;240

Shangdong is one of the earliest areas for field archaeology and for the discovery of excavated jades. In 1936, Longshan culture jades were unearthed at Liangchengzhe, Rizhao. In subsequent seasons more jades, in addition to the raw material and partially worded jades were excavated.

At present, the earliest known jades are those of the Dawenkou Culture, first excavated at the site of Tai’an in 1959. Dawenkou jade types include hairpins, huang, bracelets, and hanging ornaments. At Sanlihe jade types include owl-shaped objects, disks with notches, huan, saddle-shaped ornaments and pendants.

In terms of variety and quality Longshan Culture jades show advances beyond those achieved during the Dawenkou Culture .The latter jades were either ornamental or ritual in function. The ritual types take mostly standardized yet simple shapes. The most jades are the crown-shaped ornament, yue, zhang, cong, disk with notches and knife.

The most important sites in Shandong with jades of the Shang and Zhou periods come from Subutun in Yidu, Liutaizi in Jiyang and Qianzhangda in Tengzhou.

Although jades appear at numerous sites, when they appear they are concentrated, as represented, for example, by the jades unearthed from the large cruciform tomb at Subutun, Yidu. The majority of precious stones, totaling over 900 from six tombs at the early Western Zhou, are agate and turquoise beads. Types belong to ritual, ornamental, tool, weapon and miscellaneous categories. The richest group of jades of Shang-Zhou periods in Shandong derives from tombs at Qianzhangda, Tengzhou. Representing a peak in jade-working during this period the jades are exquisite in design, simple yet descriptive with an aesthetic emphasis.

The high quality of jade-working in Shandong is not only comparable to that of the Central Plains but is comparable in technique. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the Shandong area was closely allied with the Central Plains, although site finds with jades are few and scattered. It is difficult to distinguish late Western Zhou and early Spring and Autumn styles, yet by the middle and late phase of the Spring and Autumn period, stylistic changes are marked .Jades representing State Qi finds are few in number. The major Warring Stages sites with jades in Shandong represented by Tomb NO.1 at Langshan, Zhangqiu and tombs at Shangwangcun, Linzi.
Iron, which was in widespread use by the Eastern Zhou period stimulated a revolution in the use of the tuo wheel used to cut and polish jades, giving rise to new heights in jade-working. The two phases of the Eastern Zhou period represent an unequalled height and position in the history of China’s jade-working tradition.

The art of openwork decoration continues to be even more popular during the Western through Eastern Han periods than during the Eastern Zhou. Carving techniques and incised liner decoration seek clarity and refinement in expression. In summary, the two Han periods in Shandong witness a continued height in jade working, a richness in numbers and types of jades, despite the lack of extant aristocratic tombs with jades.

After the Han period, sites in Shandong with jades decrease. By the Three Kingdoms, two Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasty, jades almost completely disappear from the record. Little change appears during the Song and Yuan periods, and at present unearthed artifacts including nine pieces of agate from two Song tombs at Diaoyushan, Jiaxiang.

The Ming Dynasty is represented by the tomb of Zhu Tan, the Prince of Lu, jades including belts, pendants, gui, a crystal deer, a dark green jade brush holder and etc. Carving techniques include bas-relief, openwork and carving in the round in used to create human figurines and floral imagery. The Ming style is profound and moving in representing anew another degree of refinement in the art of working jade.

Table of Contents


Contents

Jades Unearthed from the area of Shandong
Chronology
1.Chisel
2.Chisel
3.Disc(bi)
4.Bracelet
5.Two Pendants
6.Three Awl-shaped Objects
7.Two Awl-shaped Objects
8.Spade
9.Spade
10.Spade
11.Ornament
12.Seven Pieces
13.Four Awl-shaped Objects
14.Spade
15.Adze
16.Adze with Animal Mask Decoration
17.Spade
18.Axe(yue)
19.Hairpin Finial
20.Hairpin
21.Blade
22.Axe(yue)
23.Hairpin
24.Blade
25.Spade
26.Spade
27.Scepter(Zhang)
28.Tube(cong)
29.Ornament in the Shape of a Bird
30.Disc with Notches
31.Axe(yue)
32.Bracelet
33.Spade
34.Scepter(Zhang)
35.Disc with Notches
36.Object in the Shape of a Handle
37.Dagger-axe(ge)
38.Axe(yue)
39.Tablet(gui)
40.Dagger-axe(ge)
41.Dagger-axe(ge)
42.Pendant with Animal Mask Decoration
43.Object in the Shape of a Handle
44.Ladle
45.Dagger-axe(ge)
46.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
47.Ornament
48.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
49.Pendant in the Shape of a Crouching Ox
50.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
51.Tube
52.Pendant in the Shape of a Tiger
53.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
54.Pendant in the Shape of a Tiger
55.Pendant in the Shape of a Tiger
56.Dagger-axe(ge)
57.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
58.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
59.Pendant in the Shape of a Dragon
60.Pendant in the Shape of a Rabbit
61.Pendant in the Shape of a Tiger
62.Pendant in the Shape of a Dragon
63.Pendant in the Shape of a Cicada
64.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
65.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
66.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
67.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
68.Tube
69.Dagger-axe(ge)
70.Pendant in the Shape of a Bird
71.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
72.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
73.Pendant in the Shape of a Frog
74.Pendant in the Shape of an Ox
75.Ornament
76.Pointed Pendant(xi)
77.Pendant in the Shape of an Animal Mask
78.Pendant with Animal Mask Decoration
79.Pendant in the Shape of an Ox
80.Pendant in the Shape of a Tiger
81.Pendant in the Shape of a Cicada
82.Pendant in the Shape of an Ox
83.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
84.Pendant in the Shape of a Bird
85.Pendant in the Shape of a Bird
86.Pendant (huang) in the Shape of an Arched Dragon
87.Bracelet
88.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
89.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
90.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
91.Pendant in the Shape of a Dragon
92.Pendant in the Shape of a Bird
93.Pendant in the Shape of an Animal Mask
94.Disc with Notches
95.Pendant
96.Pendant in the Shape of an Ox Head
97.Pendant in the Shape of a Tiger
98.Pendant in the Shape of a Tiger
99.Pendant in the Shape of a Tiger
100.Pendant in the Shape of a Bird
101.Pendant in the Shape of a Bird
102.Dagger-axe(ge)
103.Dagger-axe(ge)
104.Pendant in the Shape of a Bird
105.Axe(yue)
106.Pendant in the Shape of a Bird
107.Pendant in the Shape of a Bird
108.Dagger-axe(ge)
109.Pair of Pendants in the Shape of Birds
110.Pair of Pendants in the Shape of Dragons
111.Two Pendants in the Shape of Fish
112.Pendant in the Shape of an Animal Mask
113.Pendant in the Shape of a Bird
114.Pendant in the Shape of a Bird
115.Disc(bi)
116.Pendant in the Shape of a Bird
117.Bracelet
118.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
119.Pendant in the Shape of a Dragon
120.Pendant in the Shape of a Dragon
121.Pendant in the Shape of a Dragon
122.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
123.Dagger-axe(ge)
124.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
125.Kneeling Figure with Animal Head And Human Body
126.Pendant in the Shape of a Bird
127.Pendant in the Shape of a Mantis
128.Slit Ring(jue)
129.Two Pendants in the Shape of Fish
130.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
131.Hairpin Finial
132.Two Pendants in the Shape of Fish
133.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
134.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
135.Sculpting Knife in the Shape of a Fish
136.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
137.Pair of Pendants in the Shape of Birds
138.Pendant in the Shape of a Dragon
139.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
140.Pair of Pendants in the Shape of Tigers
141.Pendant in the Shape of a Dragon
142.Pendant in the Shape of a Dragon
143.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
144.Pendant in the Shape of a Cicada
145.Pendant in the Shape of a Bird
146.Pendant in the Shape of a Rabbit
147.Pendant in the Shape of a Rabbit
148.Pendant in the Shape of a Cicada
149.Pendant in the Shape of a Cicada
150.Pendant in the Shape of a Goose
151.Pendant in the Shape of an Ox Head
152.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
153.Pendant in the Shape of an Animal Mask
154.Pendant in the Shape of a Cicada
155.Sculpting Knife in the Shape of a Fish
156.Pendant in the Shape of a Dragon
157.Tube(cong)
158.Olive-shaped Ornament
159.Pendant in the Shape of an Ox Head
160.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
161.Pendant in the Shape of a Fish
162.Pendant in the Shape of a Dragon
163.Dagger-axe(ge)
164.Pendant in the Shape of an Ox Head
165.Pendant in the Shape of an Animal Mask
166.Slit Ring(jue)
167.Ornament
168.Pendant in the Shape of a Bird
169.Pendant in the Shape of a Dragon
170.Pendant in the Shape of an Ox Head
171.Pair of Pendants in the Shape of Tigers
172.Tube
173.Tube
174.String of Beads
175.Pendant in the Shape of an Owl
176.Pendant in the Shape of a Stag
177.Pendant in the Shape of a Turtle
178.Ornament in the Shape of an Ox Head
179.Pair of Pendants in the Shape of Ox Heads
180.Pair of Slit Rings(jue)
181.Pendant in the Shape of an Animal Mask
182.String of Plaques
183.Pointed Pendant(xi)
184.Arc-shaped Pendant(huang)
185.Object in the Shape of a Handle
186.Disc with Notches
187.Dagger-axe(ge)
188.Pair of Tubular Slit Rings(jue)
189.Pair of Slit Rings(jue)
190.Ornaments in the Shape of House Hooves
191.Suspended Ornament
192.Arc-shaped Pendant(huang)
193.Two Pendants
194.Disc(bi)
195.Arc-shaped Pendant(heng)
196.Ring with Two Dragons Decoration
197.Pendant in the Shape of a Dragon And a Phoenix
198.Disc(bi)
199.Disc(bi)
200.Scabbard Chape
201.Jade Spoon with an Iron Handle
202.Pendant in the Shape of a Dragon
203.String of Beads
204.String of Beads
205.Disc(bi)
206.Disc(bi)
207.Pendant in the Shape of Dragons
208.Arc-shaped Pendant(huang)
209.Ring
210.Ring
211.Horse
212.Disc(bi)
213.Pendant in the Shape of a Dragon
214.Disc(bi) with Openwork Dragons
215.Ring
216.Ring
217.Belt Hook
218.Ring
219.Pair of Dancers
220.Pendant in the Shape of a Heart
221.Pendant with Two Openwork Dragons
222.Pointed Pendant(xi)
223.Arc-shaped Pendant(huang)
224.Pendant in the Shape of a Dragon
225.Scabbard Slide
226.Pair of Pigs
227.Plugs
228.Anal Plug And Male-Organ Protector
229.Disc(bi)
230.Face Cover
231.Pillow
232.Ornament with Animal Mask Decoration
233.Disc(bi)
234.Disc(bi)
235.Disc(bi)
236.Disc(bi)
237.Pig
238.Disc(bi)
239.Paperweight in the Shape of a Deer
240.Cup in the Shape of a Flower