Marine Ecosystems of North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Chapter I Introductio  1

 1.1 Background of the study areas  1
 1.2 The cooperatioproject 2
 1.3 Investigatioareas iNorth Sulawesi 3
  References 5

Chapter II Geographical and Hydrological Conditio6

 2.1 Geomorphology of North Sulawesi Sea 6
 2.2 The Field observations and subsurface mooring system (SMS) 10
 2.3 Water mass features isoutherand northerLembeh Strait 11
 2.4 Current characteristics 16
 2.5 Conclusions 18
 References 18

Chapter III Mangrove Ecosystem 20

3.1 Introductio 20
3.2 Mangrove munities iKema，Pintu Kota and Likupang 21
3.3 Benthos diversity iKema，Teremaal，Likupang and Wori 26
3.4 Soil environments iKema and North Minahasa mangroves 33
3.5 Conclusions 38
References 39

Chapter IV Seagrass Ecosystem 43

 4.1 Introductio43
 4.2 Soil environment iseagrass meadows 45
 4.3 Seagrass diversity iNorth Sulawesi 48
 4.4 Benthos diversity iseagrass meadows 54
 4.5 Fish diversity iseagrass meadows 59
 4.6 Food source of seagrass fishes and benthos 65
 4.7 Conclusions 70
 References 71

Chapter V Coral Reef Ecosystem 75

 5.1 Introductio75
 5.2 Coral diversity iLembeh Strait 77
 5.3 Sponge diversity iLembeh Strait 81
 5.4 Reef fish diversity iLembeh Strait 82
 5.5 Geic diversity of fishes and bacterium 97
 5.6 Food web of coral reef ecosystem iLembeh Strait 103
 5.7 Conclusions 107
 References 107

Chapter VI Nearshore Pelagic Ecosystem 111

 6.1 Introductio111
 6.2 Water chemistry 112
 6.3 Time series parameters from Eco-Buoy 117
 6.4 Micro-phytoplanktodistributioiLembeh Strait 124
 6.5 Net phytoplanktopositioiNorth Sulawesi 137
 6.6 Zooplanktodiversity iNorth Sulawesi 142
 6.7 Conclusions 153
 References 154

Chapter VII Summary 158

 7.1 Mangrove ecosystem 158
 7.2 Coral ecosystem 159
 7.3 Seagrass ecosystem 160
 7.4 Nearshore pelagic ecosystem 160
 7.5 Comments and suggestions 161

Appendix I Species list 1 63

A.I-1 Species list of true mangrove and mangrove associatioiNorth Sulawesi 163
A.I-2 Species list of mangrove benthos iNorth Sulawesi 164
A.I-3 Species list of seagrass iNorth Sulawesi 167
A.I-4 Species list of seagrass benthos iNorth Sulawesi 167
A.I-5 Species list of seagrass fish iNorth Sulawesi 171
A.I-6 Species list of coral iLembeh Strait 173
A.I-7 Species list of sponge iLembeh Strait 179
A.I-8 Species list of reef fish iNorth Sulawesi 182
A.I-9 Species list of phytoplanktoand potentially harmful algae iLembeh Strait 190
A.I-10 Species list of zooplanktoiNorth Sulawesi 201
A.I-11 Species list of transitory planktoiNorth Sulawesi 212

Appendix II Atlas  214

  A.II-1 Atlas of momangrove iNorth Sulawesi 214
  A.II-2 Atlas of moseagrass iLembeh Strait 216
  A.II-3 Atlas of seagrass benthos iNorth Sulawesi 217
  A.II-4 Atlas of mocorals iLembeh Strait 219
  A.II-5 Atlas of mosponges iLembeh Strait 236
  A.II-6 Atlas of reef fishes iNorth Sualwesi 241
  A.II-7 Atlas of phytoplanktoiLembeh Strait 243
  A.II-8 Atlas of moZooplanktoiNorth Sulawesi 251
  Appendix III Working photos 255
  A.III-1 Conferences，discussions and others interior working photos 255
  A.III-2 Monitoring，sampling and others outside working photos 257